Just a very quick update on what is happening. At the moment work and home life is very busy so the work on articles has slowed down. Life on the “Estate” is in the summer busy phase with hay making at the moment and at work I’m starting to prepare for my next posting.
Now that doesn’t mean that things will slow down drastically as the new posting will allow me to do more posts as well as the ability to get out on the ground out in Belgium and France to go looking at the various battlefields.
so please bear with me as at the moment I have a stack of articles in the draft file being worked on or waiting editing.
In the mean time go have a brew and I’ll be with you shortly………
We are used to seeing modern officers wearing a Sam Browne as a piece of parade kit but during the Great War this was the equipment worn by Officers of all types of units as field equipment. The Officer of the time would be expected to carry a variety of equipment in the field and this changed as the war developed . With this post we are going to look at a couple of different set ups and also how I have developed my kit over the years and also to mention where there are differences in kit and why .
(I also recognise that there were officers sets of 1908 equipment and that officers would at times wear soldiers kit when in the trenches, but the plan is to focus on the type of equipment that would be seen across the war period using the Sam Browne as the principle field equipment.)
CO and Senior officers of the Cameronians Aug 1914
The Sam Browne. Having progressed in my career to being a Warrant officer and then onto being an Officer I have worn a Sam Browne as part of my dress uniform. For the Warhorse ride in 2014 we were provided with uniform but needed to use our own Sam Browne to complete the impression of an early war mounted Sapper officer. While I had been issued with a Sam Browne I also had a cheap copy that I used for horse riding competitions that I had been taking part in as a Army Warrant Officer, I used to compete in Dressage and Show Jumping at novice and inter unit/ station events (not bad for a late comer to this horse riding milarky). This copy was perfect for using on the Warhorse event and also to use as my basis for my RE Officer impression for future events.
The Engineer Training Manual (Drill) has been a really useful document as it defines the kit to be worn/ carried by Officers and Soldiers in the field, this has helped me to refine my kit for the different roles and periods of the Great War.
Single cross strap. The basic set up is the Single Strap Sam Browne with the addition of the leather holster and ammunition pouch for the webley revolver. While on the Warhorse 14 event I also had my sword attached to the sam browne, this was quite common Pre War and in the very early stages of the Great War, but became less common after September 1914. Where I don’t have the sword frog fitted I will normally have the holster on the left hand side. This set up is also the one that I have when I’m on horseback.
This configuration works well and is quite well balanced on the belt and so long as the cross strap is adjusted for load carrying and not for parades it works well. One of the things that I have done with the ammunition pouch is to work out what the weight would be of 12 rounds of .455 pistol ammunition and then add that weight in the form of penny washers in a taped package, this adds an appropriate weight and helps to fill the pouch out appropriately.
Double cross strap. The double strap Sam Browne is stated as the configuration required for field wear by the RE Training Manual. The reason for this is to help to balance the load on the body. The second strap is normally fixed to the front right hand side of the belt by one of 3 methods.
a fixed ring on the belt, either stitched, riveted or both.
a leather loop with a ring, that slides onto the belt
a ring on the back of the holster. (this is the version that I use).
Having regularly worn this set up it is very balanced and even with the added binoculars and case means that it does allow for the equipment to be carried comfortably both when on foot or mounted. The one issue to watch however is to ensure the holster is sufficiently back on the belt that it doesn’t dig in when riding.
An extract from a manual showing the components of the Sam Browne
Belt only. It was not unusual to see officers, when away from the front just wearing the belt of the Sam Browne. While it was a part of the dress regulations for officers to wear a belt with their jackets, the main people that you see in photos with this arrangement is that of Generals (possibly as they were photographed more frequently?).
Sword Frog. I have 2 modern sword frogs and I’ve used these in two ways, the first is to wear on the Sam Browne as required by the regulations but I’ve also used the second frog to be attached to the my Staff Saddle. This would allow me to switch the sword from my belt to saddle for ease of riding. On the War Horse 14 ride I did carry my 1897 pattern sword on the belt even when riding, which was fine but there was times when it was an embuggerance and from that experience I now always aim to carry the sword on the saddle, either using the loop on a shoe case or by using the spare sword frog.
Sapper Officer with Sword Frog on Sam Browne but sword fitted to horse shoe case.
On the Warhorse ride and sword carried on the Sam Browne.
One of variations that you can find is the Cavalry sword frog which has a slightly larger leather back, this was to provide protection to the Officer’s uniform from rubbing from the sword hand-guard. This type of frog can also be used on the officer pattern saddles.
Mk 1 Cavalry Sword Frog
Pistol Holster and ammunition pouch. The standard pistol was the .455″ webley, of a number of variants, but from 1915 onward the principle pistol was the Mk6 Webley. These pistols would be carried on the belt in an angled leather holster. This could be worn on either side of the belt.
The position of the pistol was initially stated as be carried on the right hand side of the belt, but around 1911 the cavalry issued a directive that the holster should be worn on the left hand side.
The rationale was that with the Sword Frog on the left it was too cramped/ tight to have the pistol holster added to the left. However with the cavalry carrying the sword on the saddle it meant that there was space on the belt on that side and the holster should move to allow for easier access and cross-drawing of the pistol. both in mounted and dismounted roles.
When not in the field and as the war progresses you do tend to see the holster becoming more usual on the right hand side.
For my set ups, for single strap Sam Brownes I will have the pistol and holster on the Right Hip and ammo pouch on the left side. With the double strap I have the holser on the left with the ammo pouch on the right side of the buckle.
The Additional Equipment:
The Watch. By rights an officer of the Great War was expected to have a wrist watch, and for that purpose I have a couple of old style wrist watches that I use, generally plain with a brown leather strap. But in addition to that I also have a pocket watch with chain that I have added. The reason for that it would fit with a pre War officer to be using a pocket watch, also my Early War jacket has a small pocket specifically for a pocket watch, so why not.
The Satchel/ musette bag. Just as soldiers are required to carry their personal field kit on them so does the officer. These would have been a private purchase by the officers and would have come in a whole variety of types and styles. The bag on the left of the photo below is often referred to as a Officers Musette Bag and was designed to be worn on the shoulder strap or by clipping to the loops on the Sam Browne belt were the Sword Frog attached.
The musette bag is a great bit of kit and works well when carried on the shoulder strap, however when you use it clipped to the Sam Browne it does have the habit of pulling down on the belt. Having tried this with a single strap Sam Browne several times it was not brilliant to wear so I tend to now wear it using the shoulder strap. It will be worth trying it again with a double strap set up and with pistol and equipment on the opposite side to try and balance it out. The photo of the senior officers of the Cameronians in August 1914 show several of them with this style of bag fitted to the Sam Browne without pulling the belts down so it probably is down to getting the balance just right on the belt.
Musette bags clipped to the Sam Browne sword Frog loops – with the sword and without.
The other bag is an old satchel that I picked up cheap but it allowed me to have an alternative, it was possibly an old fishing kit bag but for an officers satchel for the Great War period it fits really well.
Waterbottle. Until recently I would use a 1903 pattern waterbottle carrier and kidney shaped waterbottle with my set up. While using a 1903 pattern set up isn’t wrong it was more often the Indian Pattern waterbottle that Officers would have carried. Again this was a private purchase item and while the shape of the bottle was standard, the carrying harness/ strap would vary. The Indian Pattern waterbottle was slightly smaller in height to the kidney shaped bottle but was wider, the other main difference was that it was made from aluminium rather than enamelled metal (however I believe that some pre-1900 versions were enamelled steel).
I tend to use a 1903 carrier and waterbottle for riding events as the strap can be worn in a way that has the bottle very secure under the arm when riding, rather than bashing about on your hip or side. If I was doing an Officer of a foot unit then the Indian Pattern would be the first choice.
Binoculars. I have 2 sets of binos from the period, ideal for a Sapper Officer to have when on recce or just to keep an eye on what the Chaps are upto! Both came with cases that were in poor order but have now been repaired. One set is for wearing on a strap across the body and the other has loops to wear on the Sam Browne Belt.
Compass case.There is nothing more dangerous that a Officer with a map and a compass….as the saying goes. There are 2 types shown below. The smaller “pocket watch” looking item is a trench compass and is original. It is fully working and does appear like a pocket watch, its a nice bit of kit and when fitted with a watch chain is very easy to use when on horseback.
The other compass is a reproduction of a marching compass, very similar to the prismatic compasses that most modern soldiers would recognise and use. Again easy to use once you’ve been taught and very accurate. This is carried in a leather case and that would be either on a leather strap over the shoulder and across the body or it would have a clip and again attached to one of the loops on the Sam Browne.
Greatcoat carrier. Officers would carry a cold weather coat, either a great coat, trench coat or mackintosh either in carrier with a shoulder strap or with a set of straps that would clip to the Sam Browne cross straps. Examples that I have seen often replaces the greatcoat with rolled blankets or combinations of the all of the items. The only issue that I would say with the straps that clip to the cross straps is that this would be difficult to take off or put on without assistance or fully taking off the Sam Browne.
Both types of Carrier shown – fixed to cross straps and one on the shoulder strap
This is the a reproduction item from Military History Workshop and is really useful to carry my trench coat. I’m currently having an old and damaged Greatcoat repaired and converted to a Pea Coat and this will be carried using the carrier. neither of my Sam Browne have attachment loops on the rear and I want the convenience of being able to drop kit off with the minimum of fuss.
When mounted the Greatcoat/ trenchcoat can very easily be strapped to the rear of the staff saddle without removing it from the carrier.
Map Case. There are several types of map case that are seen used by officers and these would have been either worn on a leather strap across the body or for the 3 fold pattern case that could be clipped to one of the lower brass rings on the Sam Browne belt.
The one which I use is an original leather case with clear panels marked with a a grid. This case is worn by using a leather strap across the body. However it is a really good to use when on horse back as the clear panel does allow the map to be read very easily and I strap it to the front of the saddle wallets to keep it close on hand.
The 3 fold map case that is seen below is an original from the interwar period and is in need of some repair work particularly the leather work (a project for later this year). This type of map case is seen with both Mounted and foot officers and could be worn on a strap across the body or clipped to one of the rings on the Sam Browne.
Whistle Pouch. The whistle is such an iconic item of the Great War with Officers using it to initiate going over the top, but it also was used for other signals as well. This would be carried by officers, either in a pouch on the cross straps of the Sam Browne or attached to a pocket by a leather tab or length of cord.
Realistically this would be an important item for Platoon/ Troop/ Section officers and for Company Level officers as well. As someone that generally is kitted out as a mounted Major it’s an item that generally I’d keep in a pocket. When doing a RE Field Company officer (on Foot) then I would add it to my Sam Browne.
I suggest that you go to the Highland Subaltern’s youtube site (twitter @1914Subaltern), Ruadhán’s has an excellent video on the use of the Whistle and the signals on his Youtube site, follow the link below – If you haven’t subscribed to Ruadhán sites then you are missing a trick.
Summary. You can see there is a lot of kit that can be worn and carried by an Officer. The advantage is that it can be adjusted to suit the job at hand but the downside is that potentially the young officer would look like a christmas tree with so many things hanging off him. There would be a need to test and trial what works and how to configure your kit, For me I have to think if I’m spending time in the mounted role or on foot as with many things with soldiers equipment, once you have spent time in the field with the kit you adjust what you carried and how/where you carried it to be effective and comfortable. So the next time you look at a Sam Browne on parade consider that it is actually an item of field equipment.
Morning Everyone, I’ve finally managed to get the website moved from it’s previous domain and on to the new platform.
Hopefully we are now visible to the world again.
The move was mainly based on cost and also the old provider viewed the site as something that should be a business rather than a blogging site and somewhere that I through out some of my history research, Living history events and horse/mule riding activities.
It has taken a little bit of time to move things over onto this platform but I think it’s all sorted, but I’m sure there are going to be a few glitches. if you spot any let me know and I’ll aim to get them fixed/ sorted out.
If you horse ride the chances are that you would have ridden a General Purpose (GP) saddle, these are designed to cover most types of activities that a modern rider would possibly participate in. These saddles tend to be comfortable, robust and ideal for the Manege and a hack out, that comfort is for both the rider and the horse. When modern riders look at the basic nature of the military saddle their first reaction is “bloody hell! that looks uncomfortable!” but that is anything but the case. I’ll now take a look at the UP Saddle and the way it would have been used and loaded in the Great Wars, considering what the saddle was meant to do and the impact on the horse and rider.
The 1902 Universal Pattern (UP) saddle was an evolution and development of the military saddles from the previous century and also picking up feed back & learned lessons from the Boer War. 1890 had seen the introduction of the first Steel Arched military saddle – the 1890 UP, this provided stronger saddle trees (the base frame of a saddle). The front and back arch attach to wooden boards known as “fans” that are shaped to ensure that they don’t dig into the horse and also with the arches they ensure that the saddle load is not on the horse’s spine but transferred on the side of the horse, where the load can be better taken.
The Boer War had a horrendous effect on horses and mules used by the British Army. More troops were mounted during the campaign but the attrition on equines was significant, for a multitude of reasons, with massive lessons having to be learned and implemented. Two of the factors that was noted was the change in the role of the cavalry and the fact that troops were having to spend longer in the saddle and away from the support of their supply lines.
Canadian Mounted Rifles during the Boer War
Looking at the first of these factors, the Cavalry were no longer all about “Shock of Impact” Cavalry Charges, They provided the mobility on the battlefield and the ability to Recce, Patrol, Reinforce and to move quickly to protect flanks. They still retained the ability to charge home an attack but the view was that modern warfare would need to combine all of these elements to work. This meant that the Cavalryman of the 1900s would need to be a combination of Cavalryman and mounted infantryman. This would now mean that the Mounted Soldier would need the kit and equipment to carry out these roles.
The second factor was that while the horse allowed for mobility, the war in South Africa showed that the Cavalry and Mounted Infantryman would often be required to spend a longer period of time away from the main force and the logistic support that existed there for them. It was found that foraging and living off the land was no longer viable. As such it was recognised that a soldier and his horse would need to be self sustaining in the field for periods of between 24-48 hours.
Scottish Horse in South Africa 1900
To meet this new role requirement there would be a significant change in the load of the man and horse. This would mean that the equipment and weapons needed by the modern mounted soldier would have to be considered and what needed to be placed on the man and what was needed on the horse.
While the 1902 UP Saddle picked up on the lessons of the 1890 saddle and also incorporated some of the feedback from the Boer war, it was introduced after the end of the Boer War but it would continue to be developed over the next few years into an equipment system that would be ready for the next major conflict – the Great War.
So lets start by looking at the basic set up for the Saddle for what would be a mounted soldier with the Cavalry Division of the Great War. The saddle is fairly basic in construction and is deliberately designed for the comfort of the horse in the first place and to allow the rider to stay in the saddle for longer distances and times – it is a good endurance saddle and it is no coincidence that modern endurance and distance saddles take inspiration from the humble UP. The fans (the wooden boards on the side) have a set of felt pad covers that provide padding against the side of the horse. Under the saddle is normally a Brown blanket which modern riders think fills the role of a numnah to protect the back of the horse, however this is not the case. The UP Saddle was designed that it could be used without the blanket. The Blanket was actually there to be used as a night blanket for the horse – in the same way as horse rugs are used today. At night the blanket would be held in place with the Saddle’s surcingle strap.
In the field a second blanket would be added under the saddle, this wasn’t to add comfort or padding, this was the blanket for the rider, so you had one for the horse and one for the rider. The general rule was that the bottom blanket was the riders blanket and the upper was the horses blanket. where only one blanket carried it was a chargeable offence for a soldier to be found using his horse’s blanket!
The saddle would be secured to the horse using a short leather girth strap and for extra security the surcingle would go over the saddle and the girth strap. (this also meant that the surcingle had a duel role and would be carried without taking up space in a pouch or wallet.)
The UP Bridle or Headset was also a multi functional bit of kit. It was formed of 3 parts.
The basic part formed a head collar that would stay on the horse at all times.
The second part would be the strap that has the Port Mouth Reverse (PMR) Bit, and this could be easily removed and fitted and was held in place by putting the bit in the horses mouth, lifting the strap over the ears of the horse and then securing the strap at the side of the head collar behind two leather tabs and a brass stud.
The third part was the 2 sets of leather reins, this gave good control and contact with the horse, and military riders were taught to ride one handed (generally with the left hand) the principle rein was the top rein. (The horse could be ridden with one rein should a rein be damaged or snap).
Clear image of the UP Head Set – However the bit strap should lie flat over the buckle.
The Head set had 2 important accessories which were vital for riding in the field.
The first of these is the Lead/ Head rope. This was a 10′ rope with either a metal ring at one end (this type was a troopers rope) or one with a leather buckle (Officers rope). This would be fixed to the Bridle at the Jowl piece and then looped over the horses neck and tied off with a hangmans noose. The rope would be used to lead the horse when the bit and reins were removed. it also allowed the horse to be secured to a picket line/ rope. The 10′ length would allow the horse to be fixed to a high or low picket line, eat in its allotted area and also lie down to rest or sleep.
The second item is an item that would be occasionally used, that of the Fly Fringe. this was a length of leather with platted ropes attached that would hang down over the horses eyes. this would attach to the Bridle by looping tabs around the bridle leather and then closing onto brass studs. Fly fringes while very common in the Middle East Campaigns they were regularly seen in the summers on the Western Front.
A Yeomanry Trooper and horse in Egypt, UP Bridle fitted with Fly Fringe
The UP saddle has a number of slots, loops and rings positioned around the saddle. These would allow for additional items of equipment to be attached to the Saddle, but it is not the case that you could add kit and equipment as you see fit, it had to be placed to ensure balance on the saddle and the horse. I’ll now take a look at each item and where it would be placed on the saddle.
Starting at the front we would have the saddle wallets, these had been a feature of the UP saddles for years, possibly evolving from the pistol holsters of the past. The wallets sat over the front arch with it secured to the arch using 2 special double buckle straps (Later pattern straps would be of a Y pattern). The wallets would have one pouch on each side of the saddle. One pouch would hold grooming kit for the horse and the second pouch would hold personal kit for the rider, such as socks, underpants, personal kit roll and housewife kit.
On top of the wallets would be strapped the rain cape. This would held under the Wallet straps but would not be secured on the centre of the wallets, as the rain cape could be pulled out from the straps by the rider and put on over the shoulders while still on horse back.
Rain Cape strapped to Wallets – Surcingle can be seen over the saddle seat
If the rider was not issued with saddle wallets then the Greatcoat was rolled to roughly to 27″ and secured with 3 baggage straps. This would then be placed on the front of the saddle and secured to the front arch using the same baggage straps.
RE Driver with rolled Greatcoat on the front of the saddle.
If the rider did have the wallets then the greatcoat would be fitted to the rear of the saddle, ensuring that it was strapped below the rear cantel. by keeping the rolled great coat below the cantel then it will not interfere with rider when he mounts the horse. If it is above the cantel then the rider may struggle to get his leg over the rear of the saddle. (I’ve made that mistake in the past).
Greatcoat fixed at the rear of the saddle
The next item that is on the saddle is the Shoe case, For the UP Saddle there are 2 types of shoe case, one with loops fitted for attaching a sword and one that is plain. In both versions the case folds open and holds 2 horseshoes – one front and one rear, sized for the horse. The plain version shoe case would be used for the non cavalry units such as Sappers and Gunners.
Shoe case with loops and strap for Cavalry sword
On the other side of the saddle would be fitted the Rifle bucket to take the SMLE Rifle. One of the principle lessons from the Boer war was that all units types should be using the same type of weapon rather than mounted units using carbines. The rifle bucket hangs from the rear arch of the saddle and has a steadying strap that is looped onto the Surcingle to stop it bouncing when you ride.
Rifle bucket fixed to rear Arch and secured to the surcingle.
Turning now to the additional item that could be loaded or fitted to the saddle:
Picket Line rope – This is a 5′ length of rope with a loop or metal ring at one end and a wooden toggle at the other. When away from the horse lines it is possible to create a horse line using these ropes by linking them together. The 10′ length was sufficient to allow each horse space to move and lie down without getting in the way of the last horse. Picket lines could be place at ground level or at waist height. The horse would be secured to the picket line using the head rope. When not in uses the picket line rope would be carried around the horse’s neck.
Picket Peg – Each horse would carry a picket peg, often made from Ash and with metal added to the point of the peg to protect it when being driven into the ground. The top of the peg would have a metal band added to prevent the wood from splitting during hammering. The peg would also have a rope loop added, going through the peg itself, this was to tie the Picket line rope or the lead rope to. When not in use the peg would be secured to the Sword Scabbard with a picket peg strap that was suspended from the back of the horse shoe case. The rope loop of the peg would also be looped over the top of the shoe case to help retain it should the straps work loose.
Image shows picket line around neck, double blankets and folded bucket, nosebag and picket peg strapped to the shoecase and sword scabbard
Nose Bag – The easiest way to allow horses to eat hard feed (corn, oat etc) was by providing a canvas bag, with a long canvas handle that went over the head of the horse. When the nose bag was empty then it was folded around the picket peg and secured using the picket peg straps. when it was full then it was secured to the back arch of the saddle, on the near side, so that it rested on the wooden fans of the saddle.
Small Corn Sack. This would carry the hard feed for the horse such as corn, oats etc. If you consider the Nose bag holding the feed for the next meal for the horse, the corn sack carried the spare rations. Also the rations carried in the corn sack should be dry. any wetting of feed should be done after the rations have been decanted out of the corn sack. When the corn sack is empty it would be strapped between the Greatcoat and the cantel at the rear of the saddle, when full it would be tied to the rear of the saddle using the loops on the rear arch of the saddle.
Filled Nose bag and Small corn sacks on either side of the saddles.
Forage net. For longer patrols or marches each horse would carry a hay/ forage net filled. This is seen on quite a lot of images taken towards the end of the war where there was far more mobility and the cavalry were moving regularly and the echelon were always playing catch up. When not filled the hay net stayed with the horse but was folded and strapped at the rear of the saddle between the greatcoat and the cantel. When the horse was secured to a picket line or in horse lines then the rider would take the hay net and fill it and then tie the net to the picket line in-front of the horse. On the move filled hay nets seem to be positioned in a number of locations, Major Waite’s book “A few useful notes on Horsemanship” (1912) states that the full hay net should be carried at the front of the saddle infront of the wallets, but I have more regularly seen them secured at the rear of the saddle. My own view is that this probably depended on the unit, the rider and the horse, in my own case I wouldn’t have the hay net at the front as my horse – Rosey – has a fairly bendy neck and would probably be able to eat the hay while on the move!
A fully kitted out horse with a full haynet at the rear of the saddle
Cavalry Mess Tin – The cavalry mess tine is quite distinct from the infantry D-shaped tins by being a 2 part round tin, a round pan with handle and a shallow lid. these were held together with a leather strap with a buckle. As a general rule the mess tin would be strapped to the top section of the Rifle buckle but I have seen then strapped to the rear of the saddle and in non cavalry units I have seen photos of them strapped to the shoe case. When the Soldiers operated in the dismounted role, such as when they were in the trenches the mess tin would be secured to the Waterbottle, by treading the leather strap through the leather straps of the waterbottle cradle.
Heel rope and picket peg – not every horse would have a heel rope, Often these would be issued at a ratio of 1:8, but more often they were issued where a horse was known kick when on the horse lines or where the horse would swing it’s backside into the areas of its neighbouring horse. where it was issued to the rider the peg would be carried next to the normal picket peg and the strap and rope would be coiled up and secured on the near side at the rear of the saddle using a leather baggage strap.
90 round bandolier – Not every mounted soldier would have an extra 90 round ammunition bandolier, this was mainly focused on Cavalry personnel and Mounted Infantry. If they were issued then these would be slung around the neck of the horse. When the soldier dismounted he would go forward with his 90 rounds on his bandolier and the 10 rounds in his SMLE, the horses would then be moved back to a safe area and looked after by a horse holder, if more ammunition was required the the idea was that the bandoliers would be collected from from the horses and brought forward to where the men were fighting. While the bandolier is just slung around the neck of the horse it will have a tendency toslip or slide on the horse’s neck and often it would be secured back to the saddle using a small bit of string or a short baggage strap.
Hoof Pick – This an essential piece of horse care equipment and would be used at multiple times during the day, to clear any mud, dirt, stones and anything that would potentially get stuck in the horse’s hoof. Major Waites handbook states that the hoof pick would “slung on a strap” at the on the outside of the shoe case. I suppose it would depend on the type and shape of the hoof pick. Some soldiers were issued with folding hoof picks while some had the ones made from a single piece of bent metal. For some soldiers they would attached the hoof pick to the same lanyard as the clasp knife, which would be around the waist of the soldier. Alternatively it could be fitted to the end of the shoulder lanyard with the pick and the long end of the lanyard being kept in the top pocket of the jacket – this is the choice that I use when kitted out as a mounted soldier.
Canvas Water Bucket – This was a stitched canvas bucket with a rope handle and would be used to provide water for the horse when on a picket line or when at a halt but not allowed to drink from the source such as a river or pond. When not being used the bucket would be pressed flat and could be secured on the saddle in a couple of locations. For Sappers it appears that they were required to have the rope handle loop over the top and back of the rifle bucket and to hang from there. For some units it would be pushed flat and wrapped around the picket pegs secured by the picket peg strap and the rope handle would be looped behind the sword scabbard.
waterbucket and cavalry mess tin attached to the rifle bucket.
You can see that there is a lot of kit and equipment that gets carried on the horse when it is “operational”. The positioning of all these items is very carefully done and worked out so that the load is as balanced and even on the horse as possible. Where possible the load would be kept to a minimum and the loads would only be added when absolutely necessary.
Having ridden distance events with a “full” saddle I have a few observations. The saddle is still comfortable to ride in and the weight is very balanced. Once you are in the saddle, you feel very secure in it, almost as if you are built into it, and it works at the walk, trot and canter. But – there is a knack to kitting your saddle out and you must make sure all the straps are in good order and fully done up, otherwise you will end up scattering kit all over the parish.
There is lot in this post and hopefully it has given an insight to some of the kit and variations that can be seen in the photos of the period. The Metal Arch UP saddles (1890,1902 and 1912) were designed to allow different configurations of load and combined with the UP Head Set/ Bridle you have a brilliant system of Horse equipment that will allow the horse and rider to sustain and operate in the field and allow variations of configurations to suit the task and role of the rider and the unit.
References:
Maj AW Waite 10th Royal Hussars, A few useful notes on Horsemanship, Stable Management, Saddling etc, 1912
Lt Col DC Howell-Price, The Light Horse Pocket Book ,1914
General Staff War Office, Cavalry Training, 1907
General Staff War Office, Cavalry Training, 1915
General Staff War Office, Manual of Horsemanship, Equitation and Animal Transport, 1937
Veterinary Department for the General Staff, Notes on Horse Management in the Field, 1919
General Staff War Office, Yeomanry and Mounted Rifle Training Parts 1 &2, 1912
General Staff War Office, Artillery Training Volume 1 (Drill), 1924
General Staff War Office, Engineer Training Volume 1 (Drill), 1929
It is approaching that time of year when Sappers of all ranks commemorate the Defence of Rourkes Drift, lead by Lt John Merriot Chard RE VC, but we completely forget the other Royal Engineer that was there, on the mealie bag barracade, armed with Rifle and Bayonet, shoulder to shoulder with the other defenders of the Station.
Another Sapper at Rorkes Drift? Yes, but perhaps due to Kipling’s excellent work “The Sapper” and the famous line of “With the rank and the pay of a Sapper” we often and regularly forget that the Royal Engineers had other titles for some of their private soldiers.
The forgotten man is Royal Engineer Driver Charles Robson.
Driver Robson was Chard’s batman and accompanied Chard to Rorkes Drift with a working party of a Corporal and 3 Sappers. All 5 Royal Engineers arrived at Rorkes Drift on the 19th January and started to carry out repairs to one of the ponts on the river, which was repaired and in use by the evening off the 21st January. On the morning of the 22 January the Corporal and the 3 Sappers had received orders to move up and rejoin the main column at Isandhlwana. Chard accompanied by Robson had been up at the HQ of 5 Fld Coy RE at Isandhlwana first thing that morning to receive orders and returned to the drift just before lunch.
Soon after word about the attack at Isandhlwana was received at the Station and the defence was started.
It is noted that Driver Robson worked on the defences and fought along side the men of B Company of the 24th foot. He took his place on the barricade in front of the Stonehouse and where the barricade met the Krall. From this position Robson could keep and eye on the engineer wagon and kit that was outside of the defended perimeter.
John Chard made particular reference to Robson and his location on the defences in his written account of the fight.
“..the Zulus were wrecking the camp of the company of the 24th, and my wagon which had been left outside, in spite of the efforts of my batman, Driver Robson (the only other man of the Royal Engineers with us), who had directed his particular attention to keeping the Zulus off this wagon in which were, as he described it, ‘our things’.”
Robson survived the fight uninjured and along side Chard would remain at Rorkes Drift after the battle for several weeks to improve the defences before they both rejoined 5th Field Company RE. They would both be present at the final battle of the Campaign at the Zulu capital – Ulundi.
When 5th Field Company RE returned to Britain, Chard went on an unofficial tour, and was accompanied by Robson. As they met all of the great and good of Victorian society, Chard made a point of not forgetting about Robson and would make a point of introducing him as a fellow defender of Rorkes Drift.
So if you are a Sapper, serving or retired, who may be of the habit of perhaps raising a glass of port (or something else) to the Defenders of Rorkes Drift on the 22nd January, just remember it isn’t just Lt John Chard RE that was there, it was also Driver Charles Robson RE and they both deserve a toast raising to them!
Charles Robson’s medals
Charles Robson in later life
Some articles worth looking at with some more information on Driver Robson:
Old images provide a lot of interesting things that can tell a lot about the unit and practices beyond what the actual focus of the photo was.
In this post I’ll look at a couple of images and try and break down some of the things that I go looking for either because I know about it or because it may help with some research or to verify something.
So here we have a image of some chaps from the 8th Bn Sherwood Foresters Transport Section cleaning tack. The image is from 1912 and the 8th were a Territorial unit. The assumption is that the photo is taken at the annual camp. So we have a group of lads cleaning the tack and harnesses of the draught horses.
Firstly looking at the seated lads, there is a mix of ages from the young to the old. Side caps and Service Dress Cap on display and the bloke second from the left looks like his is a old sweat with his side cap worn as it should while the lad of the right hand side looks like he’s been given on on the basis that he’ll grow into it. But we can see cap badges and also shoulder titles in this group.
We can also see that they all appear to have their putties worn the “non mounted” way, which is that they have put them on from the ankle to the knee and tied off below the knee. The Mounted units do it the opposite way so that there is less likelihood that the tape on the putties would rub against the saddle and come undone. Why is this important? Often Infantry transport troops would follow the rules for mounted troops with wearing Riding Breeches and wearing putties in the ‘Cavalry Way’.
Also it is interesting to see that they are all wearing what looks like civilian collarless shirts (Grandad shirts in modern terms) this isn’t surprising as regular soldiers would only be issued with one shirt. Also the wearing of civilian waistcoats, very common in photos of territorials of the time.
The cheery looking lad on the left is also wearing civilian boots with a more pointed toe that that of the issue B4 or B5 Army boot. It wouldn’t be a surprise for most of these lads to be wearing their own boots as hob nail boots would have been a day to day working item of footwear.
As they are cleaning the tack I would then start looking at the parts and try and identify items that would be standard Army issue or items that were different. I can see Port Mouth Reversible (PMR) Bits being cleaned, the 2 bits that can be seen at the very front of the image are not clear on what type they are. The bulk of the harnessing looks like normal draught horse harness.
With a lot of images of Territorials you often find that lots of civilian tack and harnessing gets used, where you don’t know that the unit is a territorial this can sometimes be a bit of an indicator.
When looking in towards the horse there are some real gems to pick up on here. we have 2 low level (ground) picket lines in use, one front and back. You get a good indication of the spacing of the horses on a picket line and good clear image of each of the horses with heel ropes and straps fixed to the rear picket line. With this photo it allows me to see how these lines would be laid out , the spacing and more important is that as you look at it the lines are tensioned quite tight and that now creates the question for me to look into is how did they get the lines so tight?
The horses are tied to the front line using the head collar and lead rope. there is enough slack/ play in both ropes (lead rope and heel rope) to allow the horse to stand, lie down, lift it’s head, eat etc but without causing too much hassle to it’s neighbour on the line. Although horse No2 from the left is quite close to No1 horse, this may be because it does have a heel rope. When you check the cavalry and yeomanry manuals it does state that not every horse on the picket line needs to be fitted with a heel rope – if its temperament and behaviour doesn’t require it then it shouldn’t be used.
There is a muck heap at the end of the line and it shows that the horses are left to just get on with eating. So whats important for me from this point, it shows that once you have the horses tied to the lines then you can just crack on with other works, they are not manpower intensive which has been stated in a few parts of the chapter in RE History Volume 5.
So moving onto another image. we have a late war image of riders, resting off the horses, so what can you tell from the image?
What makes it in the second half of the war – the main indicators are the Brodie Helmets and the Small Box Respirators (SBRs) in the haversacks
This is a short break by the troops as they have dismounted and are holding the horses by the reins, rather than undoing the lead rope.
The blokes are cavalry troopers, mainly identified by the 9 pouch bandoliers (5 front and 4 on the rear). Its hard to see any unit or brigade badges, often it is easier to spot Canadian and Australian mounted units from Brigade/ Division badges on the arm.
Moving onto the horses, they have a full combat load, the UP saddle is kitted out with all of the kit that you would expect for cavalry with one exception but we’ll get to that in a moment.
So what we have is the horses have a 9 pouch bandolier around the neck carry 90 rounds of .303″ ammunition, also around the neck is the 10 feet lead rope (one end attached to the leather head collar of the UP headset/Bridle set, the other end is in the form of a hangman’s noose).
The UP Saddle has packed wallets on the front and the rain cape folded and strapped on the top of them. The back of the saddle has the rolled Greatcoat strapped to the back.
The photo shows a really clear view of the SMLE rifle in the leather rifle bucket. The two items with the Rifle bucket are a Feed bag and a canvas water bucket. The feed bag/ nose bag would have carried the hard feed such as oats and would be tied off and tied to either the rear arch or onto the brass loop on the Saddle fans.
The canvas water bucket would often be carried folded up and strapped to the Cavalry sword, but it regularly seen as here where the rope handle of the bucket being looped over the stock of the SMLE in the rifle bucket.
The one item that is missing from each of the horses seems to be the 1908 Cavalry Sword. You would expect to see the top of the sword on the far side of these horses but looking over this group there is no sign of swords. Now this doesn’t indicate that they aren’t cavalry as there is a clue to what they could be else where in the photo.
Mixed in the group you will start to spot what looks like a number of pack horses, The first pack horse is the 4th horse in but the clues are a bit more clear as you look further in. There is a pack horse further in and has it’s head lowered which appears to have a Hotchkiss machine gun. (See below)
To further confirm that this is a Cavalry Hotchkiss Machine Gun Section you can see the Machine Gun Clip/ammunition Wallets attached to the front of the UP Saddle of one of the horse.
A clear image of the saddle wallets are show below and in the lower image is an plate from the Hotchkiss manual showing one of the saddle loads.
From what you can see is that there is often a lot that can be taken from a “run of the mill” photo. I find that looking beyond the main focus of the image you can start to pick up more information on the unit and also on the saddlery, and the key thing for me is how the saddles were actually packed/loaded in the field or how units actually operated. Did they follow the regulations or was there field modifications?
The aim of this post was just to give an idea of the type of things that you can pick up to when you really start looking at old images and photos.
The Mounted Royal Engineer like may other soldiers of the BEF and Imperial forces are often recognised by the fact that they are equipped with 1903 pattern Bandolier equipment. The Equipment (Not to be called 1903 pattern webbing – an error that Squaddies and newbies such as myself sometimes make when talking about Great War equipment when we start in the hobby) was a result from the experiences of the British Army in the Boer War where bandoliers were used a lot by the Boers and the British and the in-service belt equipment such as the Slade-Wallace equipment were found to have been wanting.
While I won’t go into a detailed history about the 1903 equipment, I will go over a small amount to give some context and then look at my set up and why I use 1903 equipment. If you want to get to know more information then please have a look at the Kharkeeweb website (Link provided below.) which is an excellent site for the history, background and references.
The equipment was brought into service as a replacement for the Valise Equipment Pattern 1888 and consisted of a 5 pocket Bandolier, belt with 4 ammunition pouches and a Great Coat Carrier. This would allow for the carriage of 100 rounds of .303 ammunition (50 in the bandolier, 20 rounds in 2 x 10 round pouches and 30 rounds in 2 x 15 round pouches. Also with the Equipment there would be a Bayonet Frog, GS Haversack, Water bottle with Carrier, D Shape mess tins in a pouch and a pouch for a grease tin.
The equipment was planned for use across the army and could be worn in a variety of ways. However it had a problem – it wasn’t particularly comfortable or easy to put on or take off. One of the major issues was that when fully loaded the load at the rear tended to pull the front of the equipment up. This issue can been seen here in the photo of the men of the Kent Fortress Company RE on the march. The chap on the front right of the photo looks like he is having problems with his kit being pulled up due to the weight of the full mess tin and the greatcoat. (it’s also noted that the unit are not marching with the Bandoliers worn.)
Below is my set up of 1903 Equipment, reflecting a Sapper from Pre Great War period. The GS Haversack is the Mk1 version and has a small pocket on the side. I’ve not included the Mess Tins at this point in time for the photo.
The 1903 Equipment was phased out for the 1908 Equipment which was a far better load carrying equipment but elements of the 1903 equipment would continue on with the Mounted Units, second line units and also with the Territorials who would eventually be issued with the 1908 Equipment when it became available. Some changes were made and one particular item was the replacement of the Mk1 GS Haversack with a webbing haversack, slightly smaller than a 1908 Pattern Smallpack. this was known as the OS (Other Services) Haversack 1911, this was used primarily by cavalry and mounted soldiers. The reason that it was slightly smaller was that some of the personal items that would have been carried by an Infantryman or a field Company Sapper in their 1908 small pack would be carried by the Cavalryman or Mounted Sapper in one of the Saddle Wallets fitted to the front of the UP Saddle.
So for a Mounted Sapper early in the war the configuration would be as shown below. 5 pocket Bandolier, water bottle with carrier and the 1911 pattern haversack.
From November 1914 onwards the Long Bayonet for the SMLE would have been added and this would have been fitted to a bayonet frog from a 1903 Equipment belt. Also shown here is how the Mounted Soldier’s mess tin could have been carried when Sappers would have been employed in the dismounted role. (from November 1914 onwards all of the Field Troops were employed in engineering tasks in the Trenches or on supervising working parties and as such would need to have carried their equipment ).
Also shown here is an example of a Mounted Sapper equipped for the dismounted role, added to his kit he has his Mounted Soldier Greatcoat rolled and worn across his body.
Cavalry would have been very similar but would have used the 9 pouch bandolier rather than the 5 pouch. Also as the war went on there was more use made the original 1903 Equipment, where the need to carry more ammunition was necessary, particularly in the trenches in the dismounted role, this generally saw the use of the addition of the 2x 10 round pouches and the 2 x 15 round pouches. (it’s important to remember that when dismounting for action from the horse there was a further 90 rounds of ammunition carried on the horse around it’s neck in a 9 pouch bandolier.)
The most common item of 1903 Equipment to be seen and worn by Mounted Sappers and Drivers is just the 5 pouch Bandolier being worn on it’s own. What is less common is to see is the “combat load”, which when it was worn it makes the Sapper difficult to spot as he would look the same as most cavalrymen as everyone is wearing helmets, bandoliers etc. At that point you have to start looking for other indicators and that is another blog article for the future.
For me the 1903 Equipment is a useful set of kit to have for doing Living History Displays and events. The equipment covers the pre and early war period easily and can then be adapted to cover Mounted Troops through the bulk of the war. It also allows me to work as a Mounted RE Soldiers and also when I need to display as Great War Yeomanry. For those starting out in Living History just having a 5 pouch bandolier with the uniform can be enough to get in and get started.
This post will look at the type of weapons that a Mounted Sapper would have been likely to have carried as the Great War progressed, both in relation to their role when mounted and also when in the dismounted role in the trenches.
The Boer war exposed the problem of Cavalry and mounted troops being equipped with a carbine. The reforms to the army required that all branches of the Army would be equipped with the SMLE and also there would be standards set for shooting and Marksmanship. (a good site to understand what was required is at Rob Enfield’s “British Muzzle Loaders” YouTube site – a link is posted below.)
Based on a RE Journal Article from 1913 about the RE Field Squadrons and Troops it states that Royal Engineers of the Field Troops were required to be equipped, trained and meet the horsemanship standards of Mounted Infantry. This is also stated in the 1911 and 1915 Cavalry Manual which states that when RE Field Troops dismount “for action” they are required to operate as dismounted Infantry.
Having looked at the 1908 manual for Yeomanry and Mounted Infantry, the Manual of Musketry and also the Field service manual it is possible to see how a RE Field Squadron and Field Troop would be armed and equipped.
From the Manuals, Cavalry and mounted troops would be equipped with the Short Magazine Lee Enfield, The Army Service manual shows that RE Field Squadrons and Troops would be issued with 50 rounds of .303 inch ammunition with a further 50 rounds per man carried by the unit Echelon (Shown by the cloth bandolier). To allow the carriage of the ammunition the Sapper would be issued with a 1903 pattern equipment 5 pouch leather bandolier, which held 2 charger clips of 5 rnds per pouch.
It should be noted that while the Manual of musketry makes a difference between the shooting standards, practices and standards required between Drivers of the RE Field Troop and the Sappers of the Troop this is not reflected in the Field Manual allocation of ammunition. (it is interesting to note that a Sapper of a Field Company would be issued with 120 rounds)
At the start of the Great War the soldiers of the Cavalry Division, while they were all armed with the SMLE, were not issued with the bayonet for the SMLE. With the experience of the actions that arose from the Retreat from Mons in Autumn 1914 it was seen that the Cavalry Division would have benefited from having a bayonet and this was issued to Mounted personnel and units of the Division in October and November 1914. These would be carried in a number of ways, either on a 1903 pattern belt or the bayonet frog would be added to the bottom of the bandolier. As most mounted units were not initially issued the 1903 pattern belt as a work round the bayonet frog was threaded onto the bottom of the bandolier.
The bayonet frog shown above is a 1903 pattern frog but due to initial supply shortages there are images of mounted troops with older patterns, such as Slade Wallace equipment.
One of the issues with this is that the bayonet is on the wrong side of the body for ease of fitting to the rifle, but the practice of hanging from the bandolier is a pragmatic solution for the time.
With issuing the 1903 equipment belt the bayonet can be moved to the correct side of the body and would make the ability to fit and replace the the bayonet easier.
As the war progressed the Sappers of the Field Squadrons spent significant amount of time working in the trenches and providing engineer support to the Dismounted Cavalry Division when they were in the trenches. The Cavalry recognised that their troops were not carrying enough ammunition when in the trenches and for many regiments they would issue additional 1903 pattern equipment pouches to supplement the 90 rounds that they would carry in the 9 pouch cavalry bandolier, bring them upto 140 rounds of .303 ammunition.
While my research of the war diaries of 1st Field Squadron in March 1916 show that the Sappers had a very trench focused shooting training programme, probably based on their experience from time in the trenches. While this suggests that the Mounted Sappers would have carried more ammunition than the 50 rounds, particularly when in the trenches I’ve not been able as yet to find any thing formal to state that was the case.
Also one of the main training activities that the mounted RE units were tasked with, even prior to the Great War, was to teach Cavalry personnel Hand Grenade/ Bomb throwing. As units spent more time in the trenches and as grenades developed this became even more important. The war diaries of all of the Mounted units show that they provided training to their respective divisions and brigades.
As the war progresses, it’s also seen that RE Troops started to do more grenade training for themselves, while this may be to allow training to other units but also to help their own personnel when they were in the trenches.
When I represent late war Mounted Sappers I add 2 Mk5 Mills Grenades to the kit. This matches what was occurring with other units. While a unit would have sections of dedicated bombers, these could be resupplied from within the unit by everyone in the wider unit carrying 2 grenades. Considering that the RE Sappers would be required to go forward to provide engineering support with the infantry/ dismounted cavalry it would not be unrealistic for a sapper to carry 2 grenades.
There is more research and digging to happen with this, particularly as I believe that the Mounted Sappers would have been carried more ammunition. while it is suggested/ alluded to in various parts of the war diaries it is more difficult to find a formal statement that the ammunition allocation was increased.
Notes – The Mk 5 Mills Grenades and the .303 ammunition are resin replicas from Trev’s Castings. A link to Trev’s site is provided below
According to the field service manual RE Sappers with the Field Sqns would have been issued with 50 rnds of .303 ammunition as normal, hence they would have worn the 5 pouch 1903 Bandolier. A further 50 rnd would be held by the unit in the Echelon.
This means that they would have been at a significant disadvantage compared to others in the Cavalry Div where they would have carried 90rnd in the Bandolier (9 pouch version) with a further Bandolier around the neck of the horse, some units went further with 50rnds on the belt.
The riding and training standard for RE Mounted personnel, particularly within the Cavalry Divisions was to meet and exceed that of a Mounted Infantryman as per the Yeomanry & Mounted Infantry Manual 1908. as such
When dismounted and not involved in Engineering the Sapper was expected to take their place next to their Cavalry bretheran to form a firing line and to operate in the dismounted infantry role, complete with the bayonet.
From late 1914 the sappers of the field Squadrons spend an extensive amount of time carrying out engineering tasks in the trenches, often longer that the Infantry and cavalry units that would rotate through,
1st Fld Sqn RE war diary shows the shooting training undertaken in Mar 1916 prior to the Somme and the Sqn undertook 3 days of shoot, 50 round practices with the emphasis on snap shoots and opportunity targets. Very much the type of shooting that would be found in the trenches.
To me this suggested that the Mounted Sappers through experience would have been carrying more that just the 50 rnds of .303 ammunition stated in the Field Service Manual. Also the shooting practices in field training suggests more was carried.
Now over the weekend when checking some info about the Pontoons carried by Field Companies, I reviewed this photo, nothing too drastic, pontoons on a pontoon wagon, 3 RE Drivers with a couple of sappers walking with the wagon
When you look closer at the front 2 drivers, you can see an ammo pouch at the shoulder away from the normal 5 pounces of the 1903 50rnd bandolier – both of these Mounted Sappers are wearing 9 pouch bandoliers, this image was taken in 1916.
The war diaries of all of the Field Sqns RE all mention taking part in infantry actions, through out the war – the 1914 Retreat, in the trenches and as part of the various Cavalry actions where the Sappers were supporting, Documents suggests that 90/100rds was more likely carried
The task now is to try and pin that down more firmly and to try and identify some more photos of Mounted sappers equipped to carrying more than just the 50rds stated in the Field Service Manual.
Posted originally on the 14th July 2021 on the @HorsebackSapper twitter feed
So 105 years ago today the 20th Deccan Horse and 7th Dragoon Guards crossed into No Mans Land to carry out a mounted attack onto High Wood. These units were supported by B Sqn Fort Garry Horse and the RE Field Troop of the Canadian Cavalry Bde.
The Sappers and Fort Garry Horse were with the Vanguard to help get the Cavalry across the British Trenches and to mark routes through the ground of No Mans Land, which was not totally churned up. There was still standing crops in front of the wood.
The point to remember that the cavalry were there to provide support and flank protection to 7th Infantry Division that was involved in the fight for Longueval. While they waited to be called forward the cavalry carried out mounted Recce of the flank areas.
The 91st Inf Bde was tasked to attack Highwould but was having difficulties and the Cavalry Vanguard was tasked to move forward to support the flank with an attack onto High Wood. This was about using mobile reserves to support and not the recreate the Charge at Waterloo.
The RE Field Troop had created cavalry crossings over the British Trenches and then moved forward with B Sqn FGH to mark routes, these would take the Deccan and the 7DG into the dead ground in front of the wood.
The Vanguard was engaged by MG fire from Longueval but only took a few casualties but pushed forward to clear German positions on the East side of the wood where they dismounted and formed a defensive line using shell holes and the standing corn crop as cover.
A Sqn of the Deccan Horse was then tasked with a mounted flanking attack supporting the 7th Inf Div’s attack on Longueval. As the evening wore on, the 7th DG and 20th Deccan stabilised the defensive line on the High Wood/Longueval road.
Art by Graham Turner – Charge at High Wood
B Sqn FGH and the Sappers provided the link and support between the 2 cavalry units, holding a section of the line and also moving casualties and prisoners back to British lines. For all of the units their horses were held in the Dead Ground area while the units were dismounted.
The whole of the Cavalry Vanguard was relieved in place by infantry at 0330hrs on the morning of the 15th July. The attack showed a combined arms approach – Cavalry mobility supporting infantry, Sappers supporting Cav mobility, RFC providing info to the Cav on the ground.
In addition to the RE Field Troop going forward, the 1st Field Sqn RE was in the Cavalry Holding Area South of Montauban providing Water Supply and watering points to the remainder of the Cavalry.
5 years ago today I was fortunate to take part in a Horse Ride in full kit that followed the route taken by the Cavalry Vanguard starting at Chipilly and finishing with a wreath laying at High Wood. There were 14 riders from the UK and Australia, 4 of us were serving soldiers.
The Artist Graham Turner was one of the riders and he was kitted out as a 7DG trooper so that he could get an understanding of the Kit and equipment for his painting.
Crossing no mans land, into the dead ground in front of the wood and then to head to the east side gave a better understanding of the ground and also how you could get horses and men forward to take an objective. An incredible experience and one that I’ll never forget.
